The correct option is c) controlled the trade of gold going North and salt going South
Explanation:
the option a) can't be true because Niger river doesn't flow through Ghana and Songhay (but it does flow through Mali), so therefore these successive western African kingdoms can't drew upon the agricultural fertility of the inland Niger river delta.
since the option a) is not true , then we can conclude that the option d) all of the above will also not be true.
while the successive kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, Songhay do have dominance in the trade of gold and salt in the region between Sub Saharan and North Africa, so on the basis of this we can say that it is possible that these kingdoms control the trade of gold going North and salt going South.
India-Pakistan wars are the series of conflicts that took place between India and Pakistan and termed as India-Pakistan War. The most violent outbreaks came in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Reasons of conflicts are border dispute, Kashmir problem, Water dispute and terror controversy.