Answer:
The atom, the basic building block of matter, consists of a core nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Inside the atom nucleus contains a mixture of positively charged protons, and electrically neutral neutrons. All atomic electrons bind to the nucleus through electromagnetic force. A ground of electrons bound together will form individual molecules. An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons will hold neutral. An ion has positive or negative charge, either through a lack of electrons or an electron excess. The number of protons determines the formation of chemical elements, while as the number of neutrons determines the element's isotope. Most of the atom's mass has a concentration compacted within its nucleus; however, protons and neutrons hold about the same mass. Electrons bound to atoms hold a percentage of stable energy levels, otherwise known as orbitals, which undergo transitory processes through absorbing or omitting photons with equal energy levels. Electrons determine an element's chemical properties, thus influencing an atom's magnetic properties.
Explanation:
Connell's famous barnacle experiment was initiated to learn more about competitive exclusion and distribution of branacle species. Barnacle species are distributed in distinct zones on the rocky shores of the Atlantic coast. The Chthamalus in upper intertidal zone; is a smaller species and the semibalanus in low intertidal zone which is a larger species. Chthamalus found in the higher physical stress and higher temperatures because the low tide levels causes them to be exposed to the extreme outside environment for longer periods of time than the semibalanus. Additionally barnacles can only feed while submerged and the higher up shore a barnacle is, the less it can feed and grow. The experiment wanted to understand why they lived this way.
Answer: Tetracycline.
Explanation:
A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is separate from the bacterial chromosome and replicates independently of it. They encode for certain genes that play a key role in antibiotic resistance. <u>Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in different regions located within a DNA strand</u>. PstI is an example of an endonuclease, it is a type II restriction enzyme produced by the microorganism <em>Providencia stuartii</em> that possesses a restriction target in double-stranded DNA dependent on an unmethylated, palindromic, asymmetric sequence, and in this example, it cuts the plasmid at a single site in the ampicillin-resistance gene. After that, the DNA is annealed with another fragment of DNA and this new recombinant molecule is used to transform <em>E. coli</em> cells. Transformation is a key step in DNA cloning because it occurs after restriction enzyme digestion and ligation treatments and transfers newly made plasmids into bacteria. <u>So these bacterias will have a new fragment of DNA, which still has a tetracycline resistance gene but it no longer has the ampicillin resistance gene because it was disrupted by the restiction enzyme</u>. Thereby, the antibiotic resistance phenotype is the tetracycline resistace.
1- The atmosphere (air)
2- Organic Matter (Which is non-living and the living)
3- Minerals and different kinds of rocks.
4- microorganisms (earthworms, insects, etc)
5- water (which is important.)