I believe the answer would be 1378
Mostly they affected it through their imperialism. They would colonize and take over countries for resources, and with them they would bring their technologies and things that they needed. After they left these things stayed, things like telephone and telegram lines and similar things. Culturally, they would mostly disregard the local culture and impose their own which would often be accepted and kept by the locals, but often there was also warfare.
The Mediterranean Sea! Hope this helped whoever needs it! :D <span />
The threat of Nuclear warfare. The soviets trying to spread communism. I dont believe anyone really won this war because it has caused lasting tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union now present day Russia
The development that probably hurt it is the reduction of open range herding. In history, people could just let their cattle roam freely and find food since the plains were huge and nobody lived in them. Nowadays, this can be problematic because there are more and more people and settlements and roads with cars so free range herding has been drastically reduced which cost the herders a lot.
