Question

Growth hormone and insulin are protein hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism by hepatocytes (liver cells) through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Researchers investigated whether the two hormones trigger the same or different intracellular signaling pathways in hepatocytes. The researchers added either growth hormone or insulin to parallel cultures of hepatocytes. At several time points after the hormone addition, they purified total intracellular protein from the cells and quantified the level of the phosphorylated forms of two proteins involved in two different signaling pathways

Answer 1

Growth Hormone and insulin are protein hormones that promotes the growth and regulation of substrate metabolism.

Explanation:

The Growth Hormone performs the metabolic actions in various tissues like liver, muscle, and pancreas through insulin growth factor. Insulin slows down the growth hormone signalling through the growth hormone receptor. It is important for maintaining the responsiveness of liver to growth hormone.

The insulin signalling pathway is very important in metabolic diseases like diabetes and aging. These insulin activates a phosphorylation cascade that branches to form a network affecting multiple biological processes.