The sentence should be filled in like this:
Every chart and diagram is precise, and the astronomers and I recognize that.
The answers are
After that their manner changed a little toward me, although I was their friend against outsiders.
I was a friend, but I was never really one of them after they had read the citations, because it had been different with them and they had done very different things to get their medals.
These two are sentences because they are separated by peridods, commas only denote a smaller break in a long sentence. In these two sentences the author says that after learning how he got his medals the others were less enthused about them and started treating the narrator differently.
Direct observation. This is because the anecdotal fallacy is a logical fallacy and says that isolated events are not adequate pieces of evidence. It must be a well-documented case to be evidence.
ASL and Tagalog (i cant speak it but i can understand it)