The Allies had pushed the German occupying troops on the Italian peninsula farther and farther north. On June 4, U.S. Gen. Mark Clark had captured Rome. Now the Germans had dug in north of Florence. Built earlier in the year, this defensive line consisted of fortified towns, stretching from Pisa in the west to Pesaro in the east. One of these towns was Siena, home to much glorious medieval art—also home to the Italian partisans, guerillas who had been harassing the Germans and remnants of Italian fascists since Italy had surrendered. Their ability to create chaos and confusion behind the Germans’ own lines was of great aid to the Allies.
Expert strategic maneuvering by British General Harold Alexander, who opened his offensive on August 25, surprised the Germans, and the 8th Army swept through the Plain of Lombardy, crashing through the Gothic Line.
Citation Information
Article Title
The British cross the Gothic Line
Author
History.com Editors
Website Name
HISTORY
URL
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-british-cross-the-gothic-line
Access Date
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Publisher
A&E Television Networks
Last Updated
August 21, 2018
Original Published Date
November 16, 2009
TAGSWORLD WAR II
BY HISTORY.COM EDITORS
The correct answer is the Battle of Port Hudson (also known as the Siege of Port Hudson.)
This battle took place from March of 1863 until July of 1863. This battle between the Union and Confederacy fighting over a strategic location along the Mississippi River. The goal of the Union army was to take over Port Hudson from Confederate control. Continuing to take over different ports along the Mississippi River would give the Union a significant advantage, as it would limit the amount of supplies the Confederates could send to each other.
The term Jim Crow was widely used as a euphemism for black persons, from the color of the bird. The 1832 faux-minstrel song "Jump Jim Crow" (a white portrayal of a slave stereotype) was used to attack Andrew Jackson's populist policies.
So the laws that were enacted following the easing of Reconstruction were called Jim Crow laws. While they could not openly prevent economic activity by African-Americans, they established a legal system of second-class citizenship by requiring blacks to use separate-but-equal facilities (whose blatant inequality was often overlooked). Notable were "back of the bus" public transportation rules, and refusal by white restauants to serve blacks (Negros, colored) at the same lunch counters as whites.
Another sub-genre of Jim Crow laws outlawed interracial marriages (miscegenation). These were widely enacted in the North and South.
It was not until the period after World War 2, when the armed forces were finally integrated, that the move for civil rights gained impetus, culminating in violent clashes in the South as voter drives and demonstrations became more of a threat to the white hierarchy. The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the beginning of the end for racial discrimination disguised as a legal public policy.
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