Due to the Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), the United States had maintained "separate but equal" facilities for African-American and white citizens. However, these separate facilities were consistently unequal, as white citizens had access to better schools and other public facilities.
This changed with the Brown vs. Board of Education case. One of the main lawyers for Brown, Thurgood Marshall, argued that this doctrine of "separate but equal" violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. After hearing both sides of the argument, the Supreme Court justices voted unanimously on the side of Brown. The justices felt that "separate but equal" facilities did violate the 14th amendment and ruled that segregated schools were illegal.
The period from 1550 to 1650 is considered the Spanish Golden Age because of its brilliance in its arts and literature. Philp II was an enthusiastic patron of the arts and also founded academies of science and mathematics.
