The best option from the list would be that "Horace Mann" is best associated with education reform in the U.S., since he sought to reform the system before "reform" in the realm of education was popular.
Nationalism heightened in the 19th century and heading into the 20th century. The nationalistic fervor by people in Europe had them each viewing their own nations as better than the others, in competition with the others. This would lead to an increase in tension between the nations.
Imperialism expanded on that nationalistic rivalry by carrying their competition to other parts of the globe. The nations of Europe sought to grab control for themselves over parts of Asia and Africa. When war erupted, that also meant it would become a world war because the European nations would include people from their imperial territories in the war.
Militarism grew ever more potent as the 20th century opened. The competition between nations included a massive arms race in terms of expanding armies and navies. The nations also sided up in competing military alliances and made military battle plans as to how they might fight a war if war came. When a cause for war broke out, all those preparations propelled the nations of Europe into war recklessly.
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The Alien and Sedition Acts restricted the activities of foreign residents in the country and limited freedom of speech and of the press. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.
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Because some nations had fighting taking place on there soil, which led to the destruction of food producers and the theft of pre-existing food. Other nations were already suffering with poverty so conditions were severely worsened by food shortages.
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