The correct answer is D) Hobbes's theory that all men are inherently evil and need a single all-powerful monarch to rule over them.
The philosophy that directly contributed to the start of the Enlightenment in the 17th century was "Hobbes's theory that all men are inherently evil and need a single all-powerful monarch to rule over them."
One of the greatest thinkers of the 17th century was the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). With his political ideas expressed in "Leviathan" of 1651, he proposed the idea of the government as a protector of society. Citizens should cede some of its freedom in exchange for the protection from the government. He had a name for this concept: social contract.
