Theodore R. Davis's illustration of President Johnson's impeachment trial in the Senate, published in Harper's Weekly. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson was initiated on February 24, 1868, when the United States House of Representatives resolved to impeach Andrew Johnson, 17th president of the United States, for "high crimes and misdemeanors", which were detailed in 11 articles of impeachment. The primary charge against Johnson was violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress in March 1867, over his veto. Specifically, he had removed from office Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War—whom the Act was largely designed to protect—and attempted to replace him with Brevet Major General Lorenzo Thomas. (Earlier, while the Congress was not in session, Johnson had suspended Stanton and appointed General Ulysses S. Grant as Secretary of War ad interim.)
Johnson became the first American president to be impeached (the only one prior to Bill Clinton in 1999) on March 2–3, 1868, when the House formally adopted the articles of impeachment and forwarded them to the United States Senate for adjudication. The trial in the Senate began three days later, with Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding. On May 16, the Senate failed to convict Johnson on one of the articles, with the 35–19 vote in favor of conviction falling short of the necessary two-thirds majority by a single vote. A ten-day recess was called before attempting to convict him on additional articles. The delay did not change the outcome, however, as on May 26, it failed to convict the president on two articles, both by the same margin; after which the trial was adjourned.
The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson had important political implications for the balance of federal legislative–executive power. It affirmed the principle that Congress should not remove a president from office simply because its members disagreed with his policies, style, or administration of duties. It also resulted in diminished presidential influence on public policy and overall governing power, fostering a system of governance which Woodrow Wilson referred to in the 1870s as "Congressional Government."[1]
Gorbachev's best statement about perestroika is that without a perestroika, the cold war would simply not be complete. But the world could not continues to evolve, as it was, with a sharp threat of a nuclear war.
In order to reform the relaxed Soviet Union, the democratization of the Communist Party was promoted through the policy of Mikhail Gorbachev's party "perestroika" and "glasnost". Perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system founded by the Communist Party.
Prestroika means reformation, and volume means openness. The openness is primarily reflected in relations with the West, which gave a major contribution to the end of the Cold War.
The response is Option A: it stopped states from preventing former slaves and poor people from voting.
Explanation:
The Twenty-fourth Amendment prevented states from charging poll taxes in the primaries and federal elections. Poll taxes were an indirect way that many states used to continue restricting the vote of citizens who were former slaves or poor because they could not afford the poll tax and so they were much less likely to vote in the elections. This was upheld by a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1937 that allowed Georgia to continue instituting a poll tax. The Twenty-fourth Amendment was instituted to address this power that states had to continue excluding voters. It was passed by Congress on August 27, 1962 and ratified January 23, 1964. Two years later, the U.S. Supreme Court, extended this to state elections as well by invoking the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause in the case called Harper v. Virginia Board of Electors. It was no longer allowed to charge poll taxes in state elections either.
