The correct answer would be B. There was no physical change in US territory, and the 1812 war showed the European powers that they were a country that could sustain itself.
Mandatory spending and discretionary spending.
The United States government gave subsidies and land grants to railroad companies to help them with their financing. The Government did this out of the understanding that railroads would bring lower costs and better freight transportation than the existing alternatives.
John Calvin was a major thinker and influential figure during the Protestant reformation, whose main thesis was that God was an absolutely sovereign.