The ideology of republicanism values political liberty and individuality, separate powers of government, civic participation with an emphasis on self-discipline and a reliance on none other than the individual self. In the United States, examples of these values are evident in the political system. The government maintains three distinct branches with separate powers: the judicial, the executive and the legislative. An example of civic participation is voting for elected leaders.
Moreover, Americans have long been associated with a sense of rugged individualism that is valued highly in republicanism. Other examples of republicanism are evident in the US economic system. Free market economic ideologies are built upon the ideas of republicanism and the belief that the government should not be able to control market forces.
Slavery helped support the rich by tending to the things that made them richer (the plantations).
The theory that was used to justify claims of racial superiority was <u><em>social Darwinism.</em></u>
Social Darwinism was a group of ideologies that arose in the late 1800s in which Charles Darwin´s theory of evolution by natural selection, was used to justify certain social views.
According to the theory, the weak were diminished while the strong grew in power over the weak.
One of the persons who adopted social Darwinism was Adolf Hitler, who considered that the German master race had grown weak due to the influence of non-Aryans, so he targeted certain groups of people that he considered biologically inferior for extermination such as jews, homosexuals, etc.
Answer:
Torture in the Medieval Inquisition began in 1252 with a papal bull Ad Extirpanda and ended in 1816 when another papal bull forbade its use. Although the torture that was sanctioned by the bull was less severe than the torture that could be found in contemporary secular courts.
