1. Carolus had expanded and developed a classification system of all species and types of organisms that were known in the 18th century. " A French naturalist names Lamarck" suggested that all the known organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity.
2. Lyell inferred the same changes happened in the past. Uniformitarianism merges and combined Hutton's ideas of gradual with Lyell's ideas and observations that changes a constant rate.
3. Gradualism is a theory or view of speciation that proceeds small, cumulative steps when time goes on rather than by major changes or others.
4. That's because evolution happens and develop hat changes the environment to the driving force of evolution. If the environment was fixed, the same biological that work today would continue to work to tomorrow and the continuing days.
Answer:
A. play a role establishing and maintaining membrane lipid asymmetry
Explanation:
Proteins that move move certain phospholipids between leaflets are transmembrane proteins via "flip-flop" transition have also the possibility to maintain membrane lipid asymmetry. There are few types of such proteins:
- flipases-move lipids from the exterior to the interior side of the membrane, energy required
- flopases-move lipids in reverse comparing to flipases, energy required
- scramblases-no energy required, bidirectional
Because of the action of those proteins, cytosolic side of plasma membrane differs from exoplasmic side (asymmetry).
Answer:
This is an example of E. stereospecificity.
Explanation:
We talk about a stereospecific reaction when sterechemically different reagents react differently. Fumarase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transformation of fumarate into malate by hydration. Human enzymes are specific for L-amino acids and D-carbohydrates, the enzyme fumarase is an example of stereospecificity since it hydrates the fumaric acid (trans form) to maleic acid, but does not act on the corresponding cis form, the maleic acid, that is, fumarase introduces a molecule of water into fumaric acid, but the cis isomer, that is, maleic acid, is not attacked.
