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Jobisdone [24]
3 years ago
7

Compare and contrast countercurrent exchangers and multipliers. Be able to give examples.

Medicine
1 answer:
SIZIF [17.4K]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

The diagram presented is useful to understand the difference between these two types of exchange, which represents two fluid streams that travel parallel separated by a semipermeable or thermo-conductive membrane. The blue color represents the lowest value of the characteristic to be exchanged, while the red color indicates the highest value, so that the direction of the transfer will be of the fluid with the highest value to the lowest value. In the specific case of heat, the movement follows the second law of thermodynamics and in the case of solids as solutes the phenomenon of osmosis is followed. Exchange in equicorrent and countercurrent.

Direct flow

In this system the two fluids go in the same direction and their gradient varies along the flow path. Taking into account that the fluid present in the two tubes is the same, this method of exchange is only capable of exchanging half of the property (heat, matter, concentration, etc.) between fluids, no matter how long the flow path If either of the two currents changes their property by 50% or more, the exchange will be interrupted since the gradient is reduced to zero, indicating that the equilibrium point has been reached. In case of having unequal flows, the equilibrium conditions will be a little closer to the conditions of the current that has the greatest flow.

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The terms median plane or mid-sagittal plane are sometimes used to describe the sagittal plane running through the midline.

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At the scene of Anna's death there was a hair sample found. Who does the
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3 years ago
Give an example of a 2 x 2 matrix game with exactly three nash equilibria in pure strategies. Explain.
weeeeeb [17]

Answer:

A Nash equilibrium is a profile of strategies (s1,s2) such that the strategies are best responses to each other, i.e., no player can do strictly better by deviating. This helps us to find the (pure strategy) Nash equilibria.

To start, we find the best response for player 1 for each of the strategies player 2 can play. I will demonstrate this by underlining the best responses:

ABCA1–,10,101–,−10B10–––,01,11,10C−10,110–––,11,1

Player 1 is the row player, player 2 is the column player. If 2 plays column A, then player 1's best response is to play either row A or C, which gives him 1 rather than 0 as payoff. Similarly, the best response to column B is row A, and to column C it is row B.

Now we do the same for player 2 by underlining the best responses of the column player:

ABCA1–,1–0,10–––1–,−10B10–––,01,11,10–––C−10,1–10–––,11,1

So, if player 1 plays row A then player 2 best responds either with column A or column C, giving him 1 rather than 0. We also find the best responses for row B and C.

Now a pure strategy Nash equilibrium is a cell where both payoffs are underlined, i.e., where both strategies are best responses to each other. In the example, the unique pure strategy equilibrium is (A,A). (There may also be mixed strategy equilibria.) In all other cells, at least one player has an incentive to deviate (because it gives him a higher payoff).

EDIT: How to compute mixed strategy equilibria in discrete games?

In a mixed Nash strategy equilibrium, each of the players must be indifferent between any of the pure strategies played with positive probability. If this were not the case, then there is a profitable deviation (play the pure strategy with higher payoff with higher probability).

Consider player 2. He plays column A with probability p, B with probability q, and C with probability 1−p−q. We need to find p,q such that player 1 is indifferent between his pure strategies A,B,C. He is indifferent between row A (left hand side) and row B (right hand side) if p,q are such that

p+10q−10(1−q−p)=q+10(1−p−q).

He is indifferent between B and C if

q+10(1−p−q)=p+q+1−q−p=1.

You just have to solve the first condition for q as function of p, substitute q in the second condition and you have p. Inserting p again in the first gives you q.

Now we do the same with strategies for player 1 such that player 2 is indifferent. Player 1 plays A with probability x, B with probability y and C with probability 1−x−y. The two conditions that follow are

1x+10y−10(1−x−y)=x+10(1−x−y)x+10(1−x−y)=1

Solve this again to find x,y. This is a mixed-strategy equilibrium, because neither player has a profitable deviation. Remember, we constructed the profile (x,y;p,q) such that the other player is indifferent between his pure strategies. So, no matter how the other player unilaterally deviates, his expected payoff will be identical to that in equilibrium (x,y;p,q). In general, depending on the game and solutions x,y,p,q, there may be infinitely many mixed Nash equilibria, or none. The more pure strategies there are, the more tedious it is to compute mixed strategy equilibria, since we solve for N−1 variables for each player (N being the number of pure strategies of the other player).

Moreover, to find all equilibria, if there are more than 2 actions for a player, then every possible combination of actions has to be checked. Here, a player has 3 actions, and a mixed strategy equilibrium could entail mixing over all three or just any two of them. Since such a player would not have to be indifferent regarding the strategy played with probability 0, the equations you have to set up are different. In summary, manually checking for all possible mixed strategy equilibria if at least one player has more than two actions can require a lot of effort.

mark me brainliest

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1 year ago
Gilda is 45 years old. Her estrogen levels have decreased, her menstrual periods have become very irregular, and she experiences
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She is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause

Explanation:

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What is the suffix of denia in medical terms ?
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