Answer: the birth of Arabian civilization can be dated to 7th century A.D. Then Islam was spreading westwards to northern Africa...from Egypt to Maroccos. From Maroccos Muslims spread to Iberian peninsula. But they were not able to move more northwards ....beyond Pyrenees. Christian states were stable, well-organized and were able to organize their armies and protect themselves.
Explanation: they were not able to move beyond Pyrenees because already in the north of Iberian peninsula there were well-organized Christian kingdom. They were small but they constituted a barrier. The only significan Arabian invasion to Europe consitutes "battle of Poitiers" (sometimes called "battle of Tours) in 732 A.D. There Franks led by Charles Martel were victorious and Arabians had to retreat behind Pyrenees. Later on Arabians were expulsed from Iberian peninsula (first from Portugal, then from Spain).
Sequent occupance, I hope this helps!
The reason why the average summer temperature in the Southern chemosphere is cooler than the average summer in the Northern hemisphere is that over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered with water.
<h3>Why are summers in the Southern hemisphere cooler?</h3><h3 />
Over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere is made up of water in the form of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. This leads to the southern hemisphere having lower temperatures in the summer which makes them cooler.
The reason this happens is that water absorbs temperatures and makes the surrounding areas cooler. This is why places closer to the coast are cooler than areas further inland.
The Northern hemisphere is not as covered by oceans as the southern hemisphere thanks to larger expanse of land occupied by the Asian continent and further by Europe and North America.
As a result, summers are warmer on average there than in the Southern hemisphere.
Find out more on temperatures in the Southern hemisphere at brainly.com/question/15648173
#SPJ1
breaking of rocks due to constant expansion and contraction involves mechanical stresses from expanding n contracting. so ans is A. mechanical weathering
Italy has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites
