In complementary base pairing, the G pairs with C, and A pairs with T. Given that this be the rule, the complementary nucleotides for your sequence would be as follows: CGATTAACGTAGGCA.
With regards to proofreading, mutations in cell division occur once in around every 100,000 base pairs. If this happens, the enzyme that pairs the nucleotides to form DNA, called DNA polymerase, detects the error and moves back along the strand, it then cuts the incorrect nucleotide and replaces it with the correct one, fixing the error and continuing with the DNA synthesis.
This process corrects the majority of errors in DNA synthesis, but some errors can still be missed by the DNA polymerase, this is then rectified by a protein complex which binds to the incorrect pairing until anther complex, comes along and cuts that particular section of DNA out, which is then replaced by a new section of correct nucleotides synthesized by the polymerase enzyme, the two sections at either end that were cut is then sealed by ligase, an enzyme which essentially "glues" the DNA stands back together.
My apologies for the long answer, I hope I answered your question and that you understand it well enough.
It would be: Rr × Rr
Result of cross would be: 1RR, 2Rr, 1rr
So, it's genotypic ratio = 1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio = 3:1
Hope this helps!
The correct answer for the question that is being presented above is this one: "d. all of the above." Fossil fuel dependence is associated with environmental consequences, economic consequences, and <span>development hindrances. </span>
Answer:
spherical (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), or curved (vibrio, spirillum, or spirochete).
A. Consumers cannot produce their own food source so they have to eat other animals.
C. Rhizobia bacteria "prepare" the atmospheric nitrogen and make it useful for the plant.
Hope it helped,
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