During the 11th and 12th Centuries, Toledo, Spain was a cultural center for Muslims. Why do so many historians believe that this
one Islamic town in Spain should now be seen as the birthplace of the European Renaissance? A) New discoveries show that Toledo was much more advanced than Florence
B) The works of Aristotle and other writers of Greece and Rome were preserved there
C) Toledo was the westernmost city on the Silk Road
D) Muslims have always had more culture than Christians
B) The works of Aristotle and other writers of Greece and Rome were preserved there
Explanation:
The Arab world is perhaps most significant in that it preserved Aristotle's works from oblivion, since his work was not popular in Europe during the Middle Ages.
His works were not reproduced and his work was not appreciated, so he almost disappeared from his philosophical heritage like many other ancient philosophers whose works were forgotten over time. But while it was not popular in Europe, it was worshiped in the Arab world!
A school was founded in Toledo in the 11th century to deal with the translation of Arabic texts into Latin. Scientists from all over Europe came to educate and discover the knowledge that the Arab world would impart to Europe. Greek classics have been translated, but the importance that Muslim scholars and translators have in transmitting knowledge cannot be measured. Certainly, if the works of scholars like the aforementioned Galen and Aristotle, preserved by Muslim thinkers from oblivion, were to disappear, it would be as if they had never been created.
The electoral college was formed for the people to vote, so I would say that it is a form of indirect democracy, because the people make the decision by voting but they do not make their decision directly.
The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin.
The Industrial Revolution changed the way things were made as new machines invented in the 1700s and 1800s meant it was possible to mass produce goods in factories. Starting in Britain and spreading through Europe and North America, a period of rapid social and economic change began, with widespread URBANIZATION.
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones.
Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron making and other industries.
Fueled by the game-changing use of steam power, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to the rest of the world, including the United States, by the 1830s and ‘40s. Modern historians often refer to this period as the First Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a second period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries.
The Beginning of Industrialization in Britain
The Industrial Revolution saw a rapid development of industry take place in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, soon spreading to Western Europe and North America. New and improved large-scale production methods and machinery marked the beginnings of Industrialization. Many different factors contributed to the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The new inventions, access to raw materials, trade routes and partners, social changes, and a stable government all paved the way for Britain to become an industry-driven country. Britain started the revolution that would develop the way in which we live today.
Britain had access to cotton from its colonies and could use slaves to collect it. As technology improved, cotton picking became easier and was a booming industry. Coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone, and water power were also readily available for the British to use for their industrial advancement.1 In conjunction with the navigable waterways in Britain, these ships could transport much larger amounts of coal than land modes. This coal was widely available in 18th-Century Britain. Also, coal provided much more energy potential than wood, which was the main prior producer of energy.2 The city of Bristol saw massive increases in coal production over a course of 120+ years, beginning with 90,000 tons produced in 1700, all the way to a production of 600,000 tons by 1830. Iron was the preferred metal for tools and equipment until steel was used. The iron and steel factories caused dense fogs of soot and noxious waste gases, which then caused diseases. The burning of coal also caused severe air pollution.
According to Eric Hobsbawm, “transportation and communication were comparatively easy and cheap, since no part of Britain is more than seventy miles away from the sea, and even less from some navigable waterway.” This was true in eighteenth century Britain. Canals were built in the rivers of Britain from 1760-1800 to allow ships to transport goods and for a quicker rate. Britain had access to local and international economies because of their powerful Navy and other ships.3 Railroads were also built to allow more efficient trade and transportation of goods. The first public railway opened in 1825 and ran from Stockton to Darlington. Built by George Stephenson, the Newcastle based father of the railways, this was the precursor of the Liverpool to Manchester railway and ultimately the national rail network.(4) The British government allowed foreign trade and domestic to occur to expand the economy and grow industries.
