C) Great Britain
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 resulted in France forfeiting most of their north american land. They gave all their land to the east of the Mississippi river over to British rule within the British colonies.
Winfield Scott, a General-in-Chief for the U.S. Union Army, came up with the Anaconda Plan to blockade the Southern waterways of the Mississippi and patrol the Mississippi river, in an attempt to split Confederate forces. The main drawback of the plan, although initiated from the onset, was that is was nearly an impossible task to accomplish due to the size of the Mississippi River.
A. Martin Luther
Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church because he did not believe in certain practices such as the indulgences and financing the pope.
It is hard to say without looking at your source (textbook or article if you have one associated with this question) but in the most recent studies, it has been Islam.
