What is broad averaging, and what consequences can it have on costs? Broad averaging is when a company or organization spreads the cost of resources across different objects to help the individual products or services stay equal. When a company does this they are assigning the costs of resources uniformly to cost objects. Broad averaging directly relates to costs because they can mislead an organizations data reports by spreading out the costs inappropriately. <span>
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Answer:
A lot of information is missing, but the answer is the same whether we are told about a specific case or not. If the US Supreme Court decided on a similar case that is under trial in Nebraska, the Nebraska court must follow the decision and guidelines of the US Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US, and its decisions must be followed by all lower courts. If a lower court doesn't follow a Supreme Court decision on a similar case, then an appellate court would reverse the decision.
The Supreme Court does not create laws, but it decides on how they should be enforced.
Answer:
The differences between US GAAP and IFRS pose an extra cost because international corporations must prepare two separate accounting statements. But besides that, other potential risks include paying higher taxes than what the companies should pay int their home countries and the uncertainty generated by changing rules.
Not only do current tax rates affect potential investments, e.g. currently companies in the US pay relatively low corporate taxes (Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017) but these benefits end on 2025. But also different methods for valuating physical assets and R&D costs can represent higher than expected taxes. E.g. depending on a company's needs, it may be beneficial to expense all R&D costs right away, or maybe it would be better to capitalize some of them after technical feasibility is achieved (IFRS).
The main advantage of having uniform rules (e.g. UCC) is that all the companies know exactly what to expect and how to act. Certainty decreases risk, and less risk reduces costs.
Explanation:
In the US, the vast majority of firms use US GAAP as their accounting method, but around the world the IFRS method is used.
Physical asset valuation is the process of determining the value of your physical assets including P, P & E, and also inventories.
- When valuing inventories IFRS uses FIFO, while US GAAP allows FIFO, LIFO or weighted average costing methods. US GAAP also values inventory at lesser of cost or market value, while IFRS values inventory at lesser of cost or net realizable value.
- US GAAP uses the cost method to determine the historic cost of an asset, while IFRS uses basically the same method but does not include all the costs of location of the assets (e.g. cost of removing or clearing a facility).
- US GAAP recognizes non-monetary exchanges while IFRS doesn't.
- IFRS also allows the cost of asset to be revalued, which can result in unrealized gains or losses. The US GAAP only considers historic costs.
- There are also other minor differences regarding depreciation, disposals and impairment rules.
Research and development must be expensed right away under US GAAP, while IFRS basically requires the same, it allows some capitalization of development expenditures if certain criteria is met (technical feasibility is achieved).
Answer & Explanation :
Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared to reconcile (match) the differences between bank balance as per cash book & bank balance as per pass book, at end of an accounting period.
The differences may arise because of following reasons :
- Errors committed by firm or bank
- Cheques paid but not collected, upto the last date (added in cash book, but not in bank balance)
- Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment, upto last date (subtracted in cash book, but not in bank balance)
- Direct expenses & direct incomes settled by bank (done in bank balance, but not in cash book)
BRS involves starting with balance as per any book - cash book or passbook. Then, the adjustments for mismatch are done, to arrive at correct balance as per the other book.
