A paradigm shift, as identified by American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change in the basic conceptsand experimental practices of a scientific discipline. Kuhn contrasted these shifts, which characterize a scientific revolution, to the activity of normal science, which he described as scientific work done within a prevailing framework (or paradigm). In this context, the word "paradigm" is used in its original meaning, as "example" (Greek:παράδειγμα).
The nature of scientific revolutions has been a question posed by modern philosophy sinceImmanuel Kant used the phrase in the preface to his Critique of Pure Reason (1781), referring to Greek mathematics and Newtonian physics. In the 20th century, new crises in the basic concepts of mathematics, physics, andbiology, revitalized interest in the question among scholars. It was against this active background that Kuhn published his work.
Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). As one commentator summarizes:
Kuhn acknowledges having used the term "paradigm" in two different meanings. In the first one, "paradigm" designates what the members of a certain scientific community have in common, that is to say, the whole of techniques, patents and values shared by the members of the community. In the second sense, the paradigm is a single element of a whole, say for instance Newton’s Principia, which, acting as a common model or an example... stands for the explicit rules and thus defines a coherent tradition of investigation. Thus the question is for Kuhn to investigate by means of the paradigm what makes possible the constitution of what he calls "normal science". That is to say, the science which can decide if a certain problem will be considered scientific or not. Normal science does not mean at all a science guided by a coherent system of rules, on the contrary, the rules can be derived from the paradigms, but the paradigms can guide the investigation also in the absence of rules. This is precisely the second meaning of the term "paradigm", which Kuhn considered the most new and profound, though it is in truth the oldest.[1]
Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by B. taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)
Answer:
The primary function of glucose is to serve as a biological fuel source for the body. All cells of the body are capable of using glucose to generate energy. Through a series of complex biochemical reactions, the breakdown
Answer:
In the given case, the brain of the alien would be showing an enlarged region with surface grooves and folds. It is nothing but the cerebral cortex and mainly the neocortex. As the name suggests that it is the latest addition to the brain and is regarded to be originated by the process of evolution.
It is the main region of extraordinary cognitive tendencies like reasoning, thinking, analysis, and other things. As mentioned in the question, that alien is trained like astronauts on the Earth, thus, this neocortex would be certainly found in the brain of the alien.