accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
Genetic and epigenetic changes compound over time to cause cancer. While aging and chronic inflammation are the major causes of epigenetic changes, carcinogenic substances, UV radiation, and other conditions can also cause genetic changes. Our prior exposure levels and life history are reflected in the accumulation and patterns of changes in normal cells. The majority of accumulated changes are regarded as passengers, although they are linked to cancer drivers as they accumulate. Although only hypothesized for genetic changes, this has been demonstrated for aberrant DNA methylation. However, modern technology has made it possible to assess uncommon point mutations, and research has revealed that the rates of their accumulation do actually correspond with cancer risk.
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Answer:
Cut open the plasmid and "paste" in the gene. This process relies on restriction enzymes (which cut DNA) and DNA ligase (which joins DNA).
Insert the plasmid into bacteria. Use antibiotic selection to identify the bacteria that took up the plasmid.
Grow up lots of plasmid-carrying bacteria and use them as "factories" to make the protein. Harvest the protein from the bacteria and purify it.
Explanation:
Answer: Sea stars move using a water vascular system. Water comes into the system via the madreporite. It is then circulated from the stone canal to the ring canal and into the radial canals.
Explanation: The radial canals carry water to the ampullae and provide suction to the tube feet.
Answer:
Homologous
Explanation:
If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a complex bone structure or a body plan, they may all have inherited this feature from a common ancestor. Physical features shared due to evolutionary history (a common ancestor) are said to be homologous.
