Given Information:
Vdc = VF-L = 2.18x10⁶ V = 2,180,000 V
VF-L = voltage at full load
Ripple factor = r = 0.1 %
Voltage Regulation = VR = 0.05 %
Required Information:
Ripple voltage = Vr = ?
No-Load Voltage = VN-L = ?
Answer:
a. Ripple voltage = Vr = 2,180 V
b. No-Load Voltage = VN-L = 2,181,090 V
Solution:
a. Ripple Voltage Vr
The ripple factor is a measure of effectiveness of the rectification (the conversion of AC to DC) and it should be as low as possible.
The ripple factor is given by
r = Vr/Vdc
Re-arranging the formula to find ripple voltage Vr
Vr = Vdc*r
Vr = (2.18x10⁶)*0.001
Vr = 2,180 V
b. No-Load Voltage VN-L
Voltage regulation is given by
VR = (VN-L - VF-L)/VF-L
Re-arranging the formula to find the no-load voltage VN-L
VN-L = VR*VF-L + VF-L
VN-L = 0.0005*2.18x10⁶ + 2.18x10⁶
VN-L = 1090 + 2.18x10⁶
VN-L = 2,181,090 V
VN-L = 2.181x10⁶ V
Advantages:
<span>Current employees already know the rules, regulations and culture of the organisation.Employees have understanding of how the organisation operates and do not need an induction programme.The organisation knows employees and have detailed records from previous supervisorsOffering opportunities to internal employees may boost the morale of the staff members.Allowing employees to move vertically and horizontally within the organisation could reduce the possibility of her looking for another job.A positive image is created in the organisation</span>
Disadvantages:
<span>No new or fresh ideas are brought into the organisationThe job advertised may require skills not currently available within the organisationPromotion of an internal employee could cause resentment amongst other employees, who may feel they deserve the post more than the promoted employee.The number of applicants from which to choose may be too high or limited.It is possible to promote less qualified employees than those from outside of the organisation, in order to comply with the internal recruitment policy or the Employment Equity Act.Most internal applicants have been stagnant in their posts for so long and will not positively contribute any new ideas.Harden negative attitudes of internal employees cannot be changed by promotion.Lazy employees cannot suddenly change into ‘star’ employees because they have been promoted.<span>Contagious negative habits and behaviour by one negative employee can easily be passed on to other divisions.
</span></span>
Answer:
The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity is 11.99%.
Explanation:
CAPM based required return = 5% + 1.1*7%
= 12.7%
Dividend model required return
35 = (1.40*1.07)/(r - 0.07)
r - 0.07 = 0.0428
r = 11.28%
The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity is the mean of two = (12.7% + 11.28%)/2
= 11.99%
Therefore, The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity is 11.99%.
Traditional project management focuses on thorough planning up front. Such planning requires predictability.
The traditional project management is a practice which includes a set of developed techniques which are used in order for planning, execution, monitoring, closure, and estimating. Here the projects are run in a sequential cycle.
The planning which is done in traditional project management, this planning requires predictability. Thus, the predictability is considered an important factor here. A traditional project management focuses on upfront planning where factors like cost, scope, and time are given importance.
Hence, the entire project is planned upfront without any scope for changing requirements.
To learn more about traditional project management here:
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