1000 MI. Long from Chang'an to Dunhuang
The major cause of shifts in political allegiance during this time came from the Great Depression, which required strong government intervention to correct the issue. These interventions became commonly ascociated with the Democratic Party, thanks to FDR.
The Indians, especially the Five nations of the Iroquois, were exceptionally good at playing the French and the English against each other in order to maximize their own benefits. The French and Indian War was a guerrilla war of small skirmishes and surprise attacks.
The only term in your choices that involves 2 organisms rather than 1 is Meiosis.