<em>One of the most infamous of these political machines was Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York politics and helping immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.</em>
<em>A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers)</em>
Haiti was a brutal, terrifying place for most slaves.
<span>Slavery was particularly harsh in Haiti, much harsher than in the USA. There were laws which defined what a slave owner could, and couldn't do to their slaves, but these were routinely ignored. </span>
<span>There are at least two documented cases of runaway slaves being captured, tied over a log, a funnel put up their backside, gunpowder poured in and then a fuse lit - all for the benefit of the other slaves - they were killed by being blown apart as a warning to the others. </span>
<span>The work was hard, life expectancy low and wives and children were routinely sold away from their husbands. The French even codified the degrees of "African-ness", down to 1 part per 128, that's someone's great-great-great-great-great-great grand parents, and what jobs and responsibilities they could have. </span>
<span>Then there were the maroons - escaped slaves who lived in the jungles and mountains - they occasionally raided plantations and even the towns, killing whites and taking slaves away with them. The Maroons became like the bogeyman to blacks and whites alike. </span>
<span>Then along comes the French Revolution, with it's promise of "Liberty, Fraternity and Equality", obviously the slaves believed that this meant them as well: it didn't. </span>
<span>The intellectual cause of the Haitian Revolution was the philosophies of the Enlightenment - specifically the same intellectual base as the French Revolution. Basically the cry "libertie egalitie fraternitie" does not qualify which kind of person should be free - so ALL men were considered brothers. This thought pervaded Haitian mulatto and freed slave society, and seemed to offer a genuine equality and freedom for all on the island. </span>
<span>The other intellectual driving force of the revolution is the individual intellect of those leaders who were able to motivate, to organise and to conduct military campaigns with skill and flair - the leaders, Christopher, Brenda and, of course, Toussaint L'Ouverture. </span><span />
On the morning of January 30, 1968 just as people were preparing for the lunar new year, 13 cities in Central South Vietnam were attacked by the Viet Cong forces. Twenty four hours later, cities, towns, government buildings, U.S. and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) military bases throughout South Vietnam were also hit in a total of over 120 attacks. In Saigon, a platoon of Viet Congs were able to enter the U.S. embassy's courtyard before it was crushed. The Viet Cong forces were daring and the attacks were well planned and it also showed that the Viet Congs could not be trusted. For several years during the Vietnam war, there was always an informal truce between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the lunar new year, Tet being the most important date in the Vietnamese calendar.
Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority.
They believed in reserved powers.
They thought that powers not given to federal government automatically belonged to the people, promoted Bill of Rights to protect the rights of the people, rejected the idea of the necessary and proper clause (the elastic clause), believed that the president could become too powerful without term limits and believed that the Federal government should stay out of the ecomomy,
He led the U.S. through World War One.
