The Final End of Athenian Democracy. A year after their defeat of Athens in 404 BC, the Spartans allowed the Athenians to replace the government of the Thirty Tyrants with a new democracy. Only a decade later Sparta had been reduced to a shadow of its former self. But Thebes' dominance of Greece would be short-lived.
An Appellate Court is not (usually) the Court of original jurisdiction. So, in many cases you would start at a Federal Trial Court (District Court) and would have a normal trial. If you lost, you could appeal to the Appellate Court, who would review the record (only) from the Trial Court for clear error, bias, etc. A new trial does not occur at the Appellate Level, unless it is a court of original jurisdiction.
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a rabbi is a person qualified by academic studies of the hebrew bible and the talmud to act as spiritual leader and religious teacher of a jewish community or congregation.
synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer.
Democritus was an ancient greek pre-socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.