During the period of the crusades warfare between Muslims and Christians lasted nearly 200 years.
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The correct answer here would be B - adoption of cultural characterstics of the conquerors by the vanquished.
However, this was not neccessarily the case always as sometimes those who conquered could adopt some characteristics of those they conquered. However, in general, B would be the correct answer.
The most direct effect of poll taxes and literacy tests on african americans was that they made it extremely difficult for African Americans to vote freely in elections in the South, since African Americans were at a very unfair disadvantage due to a lack of money and education.
