I would say B. gerund phrase. I just learned about this a week ago
Answer:
i think option 3 must be correct.
The conflicts that causes the division among the Muslim nations are numerous and the cause of many studies around the world. Must of the studies focusses in the cultural roots of the Islam, which established the jihad, as the religious duty to struggle, which glorifies the struggle and as a result promotes the violence among the people. In this regard it should be mentioned that the applicability of the concept of "religious war" in reference to the warfare that exist among Muslim nations is rather controversial. The very notion of "religious war" in comparison to a "secular war" rises from the western culture, that separates the Church and the State. This division is inexistent in the Islamic world, as a result any warfare in the Muslim nations could be considered as religious warfare.
Explanation:
it keeps the story long and interesting. it makes the reader want to read more