The correct option is D
Most of Africa had been colonized during the African Repartition, in the middle of the period known as New Imperialism, during the second half of the 19th century. After the First World War, the African independence movements took on importance, culminating in the decolonization process. In some countries, independence was obtained peacefully, while in others it was achieved through the use of arms. Among the latter, the War of Independence of Algeria (1954-1962) and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1975) were the most violent.
In 1959, the French Union became the French Community, with the notable exception of Guinea, which decided its independence in a referendum; Two years later, all the French colonies became independent. Decolonization, however, has not ended, since Western Sahara remains under Spanish colonial administration de jure, and invaded by Morocco under the outlawed Madrid Accords.
In most of the British and French colonies, the two largest colonists in Africa, the transition to independence took place peacefully. In the conclusion of decolonization, Africa suffered great political instability, economic poverty and dependence on the powers due to public debt. The political instability was born of the introduction in Africa of Marxist ideology or capitalist influence, as well as racial differences, which incited civil wars, formed black nationalist groups, who participated in violent attacks against white settlers, thus trying to end to the government of the white minority.
The borders decided generally arbitrarily by the European powers during the colonization was another source of violence, since some of the new nations did not agree with the drawing of disrespectful limits of the communities. Although most African nations have already accepted their borders, there are disputes today such as Chad and Libya, Ethiopia and Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Nigeria and Cameroon or Sudan and South Sudan.
