1. Arabesque. Arabesque is a "complicated design," and it can range from things like vines with flowers and leaves to geometric shapes and patterns. This was used to represent the relationship between man and the Earth. 2. Calligraphy. Calligraphy is an important element of Islamic art as it is said to "represent Allah's divine intention." 3. Tessellation. Tesselation is a pattern consisting of "shapes that fit together like a puzzle." They were used to symbolize the infinite power of Allah. 4. Linear Repeat Patterns. These were used as borders on tessellations and symbolized a limit on the infinite. They also are said to symbolize the "human experience of rhythm and time." 5. Complex Star Polygons. This element reflects the importance of astronomy and geometry and is developed using squares. They are also said to be an "abstract picture of the universe (night sky)." 6. Reciprocal Linear Repeat Patterns. This is simply the presence of light areas mirroring dark areas.
Another important thing to keep in mind about Islamic art is that there were two religions restrictions placed on art. The first states that God/Allah was never to be depicted in art, and thus most art does not contain people or animals. The few animal-like creatures in Islamic art were "highly stylized and not lifelike." The next restriction was to not use "costly materials," and because of this, most art is brass, clay or wood. With time, Islamic artists learned how to make inexpensive materials look just as alluring as expensive ones like silver or gold.
Eric Hobsbawn held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s, while T.S. .... Rapid industrializatin first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occuring after 1800s.
Phillip II developed the artillery and arms, building an army with resilience and ability which helped his son Alexander in his conquests. He was made Commander in the army from a very young age which prepared him with the skills needed for combat and also as a leader
