Answer:
the Spanish progression and see how geography influenced their immense success:
1492: the first lands found are an archipelago with enough water to sustain autonomous bases. By 1511 Cuba, Puerto Rico and Jamaica are already conquered and in process of full colonization.
1499: the Columbine monopoly is broken by the Crown, the Andalucian Voyages demonstrate that there are a continental mass further east.
1513: Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. More important, his expeditions founds the shortest, safest route across Panamá to reach the Pacific, and the first port there, Panamá La Vieja, is founded.
1519: Hernán Cortéz proceeds with the conquest of the Anahuac Valley, decapitating the ‘Aztec Empire’ and replacing their hegemony for the Spanish one. There he founds water, metal ores, a fully functional widespread agricultural system and a large commercial network, that greatly facilitates the penetration of Mesoamerica.
1524: From Panamá, Francisco Pizarro moves south, where a mix of luck, smallpox, and political savviness allows him to replicate Cortéz’s success over the Inca Tahuantinsuyu.
As you can see, the Spanish were lucky to find first an archipelago were .
Then they found a very short isthmus (80 km) where they could cross easily from the Caribbean into the Pacific.
Explanation:
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