Carnegie saw the problem during his time as the proper administration of wealth. He believed that the wealthy should be giving their money back to the community and less fortunate, not just solely benefiting from it themselves. Additionally, he believed that if the rich fulfilled their moral obligation then there would be no poverty.
The Navigation Acts made it so any colonies shipping any goods anywhere without stopping first in an English port to have their cargoes unloaded and loaded. This resulted in providing work for English dockworkers, stevedovers and longshoreman and also was an opportunity to regulate and tax what was being shipped.
For question 1, Andrew Myrick said " So as far as I'm concerned, if they are hungry let them eat their own dung (dung meaning poop) or grass." That got a lot of people angered.
I'll answer the other 2 shortly.
