The Navigation Act<span> of 1651, aimed primarily at the Dutch, required all trade between England and the colonies to be carried in English or colonial vessels, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch War in 1652.
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Islam has had an enormous impact on the culture of the Middle East since the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Islam has helped to shape the culture from the language, to customs, to business, to institution building, to the construction of political arrangements. Because Islam became the predominant religion of the region much of life has been built around Islam and the doctrine the religion professes. There are few aspects of life today in the Middle East that Islam has not had some direct or indirect influence on.
Answer:
The constitutionality of the Act was challenged by states based on two main grounds: 1. The issue of individual mandate; and 2. Mandatory expansion of medicaid by states.
Explanation:
The Affordable Healthcare Act otherwise known as Obamacare was a health reform Act that came into force in 2010 under the Obama administration in the United States of America which made provision for affordable health insurance for every citizen of America, and also expanded the scope of eligibility for medicaid in the United States of America. The constitutionality/legality of the Act was challenged by a total of about 26 states of the United States of America particularly on the ground that the Act imposed sanctions on states which failed to expand the medicaid, and on the ground of individual mandate to purchase health insurance violated the original Clause.
However, concerning the issue of individual mandate to buy health insurance, the Supreme Court of America upheld the constitutionality of the ACA on the ground that the congress has the valid and constitutional power to impose tax.
On the other hand, on the issue of mandatory expansion of medicaid by states, the court stated that it was optional and not mandatory for states to chose to expand the medicaid, thereby declaring the mandatory medicaid expansion by states unconstitutional.
Because it was controlled by Russia who were communist, and the west was controlled by the US which was helping them develop their country again
