Antifederalists opposed Alexander Hamilton's plan because they felt that it threatened their individual freedoms.
I believe that would be the fault line.
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Although it was unsuccessful, the Crusades introduced Europeans to the luxury of the Muslim civilization. When the Crusaders brought home silks, porcelain, spices and other goods, demand for these things in Europe began to grow, especially as the emerging bourgeois class of Europeans became a market for these luxury goods.
A. it took a few decades. The court ruled that even if they are separate, as long as they are equal, it was okay.