A mutation is a rare, accidental or induced modification of genetic information (DNA or RNA sequence) in the genome.
The consequences of a mutation vary according to the part of the genome affected. A mutation is said to be hereditary if the mutated genetic sequence is passed on to the next generation.
In multicellular animals, germline mutations can be transmitted to offspring, whereas somatic mutations do.
Somatic mutations do not affect cells intended for reproduction, so they are never hereditary:
* Post-zygotic mutations are the mutations that appear in the egg after fertilization. They are rarer and are expressed as mosaic in the individual concerned (the mutation will be present only in the daughter cells originating from the mutated embryonic cell).
* Mutations can appear throughout life on the DNA of any cell; they are then transmitted to the line of the daughter cells. These can, in some cases, become tumor cells and then form cancer.
Answer: 14
Explanation:
(-4) + (-4) + 6+6+5 + 5
Recall that BODMAS rule must be obeyed
Address bracket first, and note that plus sign multiplied by minus sign becomes minus
so, (-4 - 4) + 6+6+5 + 5
(-8) + 6+6+5 + 5
= (-8) + 6+6+5 + 5
= (-8) + 22
= 14
Thus, the answer is 14
The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
SO CELLS, ORGANS, SYSTEM AND ORGANISMS I GUESS?
Answer:
Signal transduction pathways
Explanation:
Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of signal transduction pathways.
Signal transduction pathways are involved in the transfer of signals from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell for the regulation of various cellular activities. For this, the extracellular signalling molecules bind to the receptors that are located on the cell membrane. After their binding due to some change in the receptor molecule, a signal is triggered in to the cell and thus information from outside of the cell is transferred to the inside of the cell through these transduction pathways.
Plant hormones affect these pathways and as a result membranes, enzymes, and genes are also influenced by the plant hormones.
