N Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of a Louisiana law passed in 1890 "providing for separate railway carriages for the white and colored races." The law, which required that all passenger railways provide separate cars for blacks and whites, stipulated that the cars be equal in facilities, banned whites from sitting in black cars and blacks in white cars (with exception to "nurses attending children of the other race"), and penalized passengers or railway employees for violating its terms.
<span>Homer Plessy, the plaintiff in the case, was seven-eighths white and one-eighth black, and had the appearance of a white man. On June 7, 1892, he purchased a first-class ticket for a trip between New Orleans and Covington, La., and took possession of a vacant seat in a white-only car. Duly arrested and imprisoned, Plessy was brought to trial in a New Orleans court and convicted of violating the 1890 law. He then filed a petition against the judge in that trial, Hon. John H. Ferguson, at the Louisiana Supreme Court, arguing that the segregation law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which forbids states from denying "to any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws," as well as the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery. </span>
<span>The Court ruled that, while the object of the Fourteenth Amendment was to create "absolute equality of the two races before the law," such equality extended only so far as political and civil rights (e.g., voting and serving on juries), not "social rights" (e.g., sitting in a railway car one chooses). As Justice Henry Brown's opinion put it, "if one race be inferior to the other socially, the constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane." Furthermore, the Court held that the Thirteenth Amendment applied only to the imposition of slavery itself. </span>
<span>The Court expressly rejected Plessy's arguments that the law stigmatized blacks "with a badge of inferiority," pointing out that both blacks and whites were given equal facilities under the law and were equally punished for violating the law. "We consider the underlying fallacy of [Plessy's] argument" contended the Court, "to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it." </span>
<span>Justice John Marshall Harlan entered a powerful -- and lone -- dissent, noting that "in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." </span>
<span>Until the mid-twentieth century, Plessy v. Ferguson gave a "constitutional nod" to racial segregation in public places, foreclosing legal challenges against increasingly-segregated institutions throughout the South. The railcars in Plessy notwithstanding, the black facilities in these institutions were decidedly inferior to white ones, creating a kind of racial caste society. However, in the landmark decision Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the "separate but equal" doctrine was abruptly overturned when a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that segregating children by race in public schools was "inherently unequal" and violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown provided a major catalyst for the civil rights movement (1955-68), which won social, not just political and civil, racial equality before the law. After four decades, Justice Harlan's dissent became the law of the land. Following Brown, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled racial segregation in public settings to be unconstitutional. </span>
C). To express love by likening a loved one to a nice day.
Explanation:
The given excerpt is characterized as one of the most popular sonnet sequences of Shakespeare. Here, the speaker attempts to express his love by admiring the beauty of his beloved by comparing it to the summer season. He says that <u>the summer tends to be affected by the rough winds and unpleasant heat but his beloved's art remains mild, lovely, and temperate eternally</u>. Thus, <u>option C</u> is the correct answer where <u>the speaker prefers his beloved's beauty over a summer day as he feels that the latter would diminish but his love is eternal</u>.
1. <span>d-Phrases like “worst choice ever” and “too silly” convey her frustration. The narrator's frustration with her brothers, and the fact that she blames them for part of ruining her vacation is clear here.
2. </span><span>consuming Eating is a very bland word, it doesn't give much indication on how hungry she was or excited she was about the food. Consuming is equally as bland a word.
3. </span><span>The language shows the author's biases. Word choice throughout this piece shows the extreme emotional bias the narrator has towards the vacation. </span>
They grow suspicious of each other, afraid that one will cheat the other out of a win. They decide to treat each other as purely competitors for the time being.
In the excerpt from "Little Women," the conversation between Amy and Aunt March's maid conveys that Esther is a devout Catholic. First she admits she is indeed a good Catholic when Amy looks at the rosary. Then she explains to Amy that the saints would be contented if the rosary were used to pray, rather than using it as a vain necklace.