Its a logarithmic scale that tells you how acidic or basic a substance is
You didn't give the options for "which" but I assume your multiple choice questions will all be environmental factors that can cause mutations. To pass on to offspring, any mutation in the gametes or a chromosome may cause a mutation in the offspring.
Formation of island chains occurs when convergent boundaries interact and is denoted as option A.
<h3>What is Convergent boundary?</h3>
This refers to an area where two or more lithospheric plates collide in the earth.
When the y interact, island chains are formed which consists of sea with sparse islands around the area.
Read more about island chains here brainly.com/question/12433780
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Complex organic food molecules such as sugars, fats, and proteins are rich sources of energy for cells because much of the energy used to form these molecules is literally stored within the chemical bonds that hold them together. Scientists can measure the amount of energy stored in foods using a device called a bomb calorimeter. With this technique, food is placed inside the calorimeter and heated until it burns. The excess heat released by the reaction is directly proportional to the amount of energy contained in the food.
The assortment of genes is determined by metaphase 1 and 2 because thisnis where the chromosomes line up and where they will be sent (and separated) is determined now.