The Ancient Egyptians did not make paper, indeed paper which was invented in China did not reach the Middle East until after the battle of Tallas in 751ce. The Arabs then moved the captured Chinese papermakers to Samarkand, then the idea spread to Baghdad where Arabic papermaking started, and it is this product- charta Damasura- sold to the west that monks mistook for a new type of papyrus, and called it paper.
Arabic paper making did occur in Egypt, but by this time it had spread to other parts of the Islamic world including Xavier in Spain (1160) and Fabriano in Italy (1180) which were captured by the Christians. Egyptian paper was made from old linen rags, sealed with boiled-up bone glue and occasionally from recycled mummies. It's darker and thicker than the fine Syrian papers or the exquisite Persian tissue-thin polished paper, but not as rough as some of the later Turkish papers. Because the paper was polished with a fine gum arabic coating or gum taragarth, it is easy to repair, as delicate sheets from manuscripts can be split down the middle and gossamer-thin Japanese repair tissue inserted inside to invisibility re-attach the leaf to a binding. The largest problem is storage conditions in the Middle East where many more species of anorexia (carpet beetles) are active and fond of consuming this material, and the unfortunate use of an unstable copper underpainting in gold illumination within some Arabic works.
the finest collection of papers was a set of recycled papers not destroyed by Jewish scribes in Cairo because the paper had the name god written on it. The Khalidi Library in the old city of Jerusalem has 1500 paper manuscripts, with about 400 on Egyptian paper. They also have the oldest wire mark (watermark) paper I have ever discovered, a 10-century Charta Gamasutra CD used for a stunning manuscript about botany in the Golan Heights.
Answer:
- There are more single-parent families.
- The population has become "more diverse".
- The population is growing older in general.
Explanation:
In the United States, the recent demographic style display that there has been a significant rise in the number of 'single-parent families' <u>due to an increased rate of divorces and decisions of the non-marital bearing of the child</u>. While the diversity amongst the population has increased due to the modern and broad mindset that allows the groups to settle down themselves in the US.
These trends also display that the <u>average age of the individual is increasing day by day due to awareness among people towards family-planning causing a reduction in the birth rate while the life expectancy rate has significantly increased</u> due to the development of hi-tech medical and healthcare facilities.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
France wanted to destroy and/or cripple Germanys military power and economic wealth for the destruction of Belgium and France
Answer: the correct answer is Louis XVI of France's grandson , Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
Explanation:
Charles II of Spain named Philip of France as his succesor before dying.
Actually, the treaties allowed Philip to take the Spanish throne but he had to resign his claim to the French throne.
