Oncogenes result from turning on, or activating proto oncogenes. Proto oncogenes are genes that code for positive cell cycle regulators, so proto oncogenes code for proteins that turn on cell division. Proto oncogenes are normal genes, but when they are mutated, they become oncogenes. Oncogenes are expressed too much, which makes them turn on cell division too much, which is cancer.
Answer:
Your question was a bit vague... but Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota are the four types of Archaea.
Hope this helps!
There is only one measure of "evolutionary success": having more offspring. A "useful" trait gets conserved and propagated by the simple virtue of there being more next-generation individuals carrying it and particular genetic feature "encoding" it. That's all there is to it.
One can view this as genes "wishing" to create phenotypic features that would propagate them (as in "Selfish Gene"), or as competition between individuals, or groups, or populations. But those are all metaphors making it easier to understand the same underlying phenomenon: random change and environmental pressure which makes the carrier more or less successful at reproduction.
You will sometimes hear the term "evolutionary successful species" applied to one that spread out of its original niche, or "evolutionary successful adaptation" for one that spread quickly through population (like us or our lactase persistence mutation), but, again, that's the same thing.
Answer:
Molecules.
Explanation:
Molecules are the items that attach on the inside of the mineral to give the mineral its shape. The molecule of a mineral is a crystal three-dimensional regular structure (arrangement) of chemical particles that are bonded together and determines its shape.
Due to the fact that, these molecules are structurally arranged or ordered and are repeated by different symmetrical and translational operations they determine the shape of minerals.
