Encomienda- The encomienda (Spanish pronunciation: [eŋkoˈmjenda]) was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but utilized also following the Christian reconquest of Muslim territory. It was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch and the award of an encomienda was a grant from the crown to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero, and his descendants.[1]
In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes, suppressing rebellion against Spaniards, and protection against pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure.
In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.
With the ouster of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system.[2] In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.[3] However, Queen Isabella of Castile had forbidden Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous "free vassals of the crown,"[4] allowing many natives and Spaniards to appeal to the Real Audiencias.
Encomiendas were often characterized by the geographical displacement of those enslaved and the breakup of communities and family units, but the encomienda in Mexico functioned to rule these free vassals of the crown via existing community hierarchies, with the indigenous not forced permanently from their families, homes, and land.[5]
In the former Inca Empire, for example, the system continued the Incaic (and even pre-Incaic) traditions of extracting tribute in the form of labor.
Explanation:French navigator Jacques Cartier becomes the first European explorer to discover the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec, Canada. In 1534, Cartier was commissioned by King Francis I of France to explore the northern American lands in search of riches and the rumored Northwest Passage to Asia.
The majority of immigrants to America before 1870 were of western European descent, such as the Irish and French, although there were immigrants from all over the world as well.
It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury.
The Gothic element there is the horror that ensues after he hears the tapping. The character is alone during a spooky, dreary night, nobody found anywhere, and suddenly there is a mysterious tapping by someone, and it turns out that no-one tapped, which means either madness or ghosts, that are either way both elements of Gothic writing.
Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer that lived during the 19th century during his life he wrote novels and short stories and focused on themes such as sin, evil, guilty, among others. One of this more famous novels is The Scarlet Letter that is set in Massachusetts Bay Colony in which Puritanism affects all aspects of society tells the story of the young minister Dimmesdale and a woman called Hester Prynne as they had a baby, but knowing it was immoral Hester decides to keep the secret about who is the father of the baby. Because of this she is required to wear a scarlet "A" that means adulterous and later imprisoned, meanwhile the guilty consumes the minister who cannot decide between telling the truth or letting Hester assume the guilty and keep the secret. Thus, the novel of Nathaniel Hawthorne that tells the story of a young minister who is destroyed by secret guilt is The Scarlet Letter.
