Encomienda- The encomienda (Spanish pronunciation: [eŋkoˈmjenda]) was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people. It was first established in Spain during the Roman period, but utilized also following the Christian reconquest of Muslim territory. It was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch and the award of an encomienda was a grant from the crown to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero, and his descendants.[1]
In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes, suppressing rebellion against Spaniards, and protection against pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure.
In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.
With the ouster of Christopher Columbus, the Spanish crown sent a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal encomienda system.[2] In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.[3] However, Queen Isabella of Castile had forbidden Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous "free vassals of the crown,"[4] allowing many natives and Spaniards to appeal to the Real Audiencias.
Encomiendas were often characterized by the geographical displacement of those enslaved and the breakup of communities and family units, but the encomienda in Mexico functioned to rule these free vassals of the crown via existing community hierarchies, with the indigenous not forced permanently from their families, homes, and land.[5]
In the former Inca Empire, for example, the system continued the Incaic (and even pre-Incaic) traditions of extracting tribute in the form of labor.
Ottoman Empire represents on of the largest imperial projects in the history of humans, ruling vast territories in North Africa, the Balkans, and the middle east over a period of some five centuries. It was created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia that became one of the most powerful states in the world during 15th and 16th centuries. The central fact that allowed Suleiman to peruse urban renewal projects was the fact that his revenues from the state were higher than those of other European monarchs.
O'Sullivan argued that American expansion and imperialism was justified because <span>A) gaining new territory would allow democracy to spread throughout the continent. He says in the quote that "</span><span>Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us," so you can see they wanted to spread their ideologies throughout the country. </span>
<span>He has to be selected by everyone. And Prophet Muhammad had no brother. And he had no dependents from his sons only from one daughter. And they were never given caliphate.</span>
