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The ancestral finch founded a new population on one of the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the founder effect , allele frequencies of the first small population on one of the islands could have differed from their continental goldfinch-like ancestors. The process of natural selection resulted in adaptation and evolution of the island population into a new species over time. Some of the birds crossed to some of the other islands where they were geographically isolated and evolved into more species occupying different niches.
In terms of population genetics, founder effect is when there is a loss of genetic diversity as a result of the establishment of a new population by a relatively few individuals. Following such an establishment, natural selection is the process which results in the genes of the fittest individuals of the population being selected over generations. This process ultimately results in evolution, and over time may give rise to new species. Geographical isolation is the physical separation of a population from another owing to geographical changes in the terrain or area. If two populations of the same species are geographically isolated, there is a great chance over time they may evolve into two different species.
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Answer:
RFLP analysis of genomic DNA is facilitated by Southern blot analysis. After electro-phoresis, DNA fragments in the gel are denatured by soaking in an alkali solution. This causes double-stranded fragments to be converted into single-stranded form (no longer base-paired in a double helix). A replica of the electrophoretic pattern of DNA fragments in the gel is made by transferring (blotting) them to a sheet of nitrocellulose or nylon membrane. This is done by placing the membrane on the gel after electro-phoresis and transferring DNA fragments to the membrane by capillary action or electro-transfer. DNA, which is not visible, becomes permanently adsorbed to the membrane, that can then be manipulated easier than gels.
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