A drought is an event where there are shortages of water supply. The water in question can be atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months or years, but sometimes for a few weeks. It can cause big problems and crises in a lot of countries.
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. Desertification is a big problem in a lot of places, because deserts are getting bigger and people are loosing good land that can be used because of it.
The glacier's move dirt and rocks
I think the philosopher would be Socrates and his teaching method is the Socratic method.