<span>military overreach and political incompetence.</span>
Make do with what you have. The Mesopotamians gave us a very valuable building material the brick. Having no locally available stone they used the plentiful supplies of mud and clay found on the banks of the Euphrates to make bricks.
There is also trade, exchange what you have for what you lack. In their case it was agricultural produce. This is how Babylon became a thriving and powerful city.
Finally when you finally become more powerful take the resources from your neighbours by force.
With the invention of the stethoscope, physicians were able to listen to the various sounds made by the heart and lungs. And began to be able to identify if patients had any diseases or ailments.
