The lancelets consist of approximately 32 types of
fish-like maritime chordates in the order of Amphioxiformes,
with an international dissemination in tropical seas and low temperate, they are commonly found half-buried in sand. The lancelets show 4 of the major
characteristics of the phylum chordata.
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Explanation:
- It <em>helps in understanding and preventing genetic diseases.</em>
Genome mapping projects like the human genome project made it possible to map regions of the genome associated with disease. These regions which often arise through mutations, may be cloned and identified through diagnostic methods. This <em>helps in understanding and preventing genetic diseases, along with providing possible treatment targets in drug and gene therapeutics.
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During the process of cell division, spontaneous changes within the genome can arise. These mutations are errors occur when copies of the DNA within the cell are made; mutations may range from small changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large scale deletions, and additions which span multiple genes.
Further Explanation:
During reproduction other events, such as crossing over during mitosis and meiosis, mutations lead to increases in genetic variation. This variation refers to the genetic characteristics present within a species. Mutations may be either beneficial or deleterious; they are maintained within cells, as they form new traits called alleles. Beneficial mutations may confer traits that increase the fitness of a species, along with ensuring survival by conferring a protective advantage- these phenotypic differences between organisms are called adaptations.
Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles. DNA, which makes up the genotype, is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins which make up the phenotype of an organism. Mutations in DNA sequences affect the corresponding mRNA and thus the protein encoded.
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The mechanism of somatic recombination known as V(D)J recombination only takes place in developing lymphocytes at the beginning of T and B cell maturation. As a result, B cells and T cells, respectively, have a very varied repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell receptors (TCRs).
<h3>What are immunoglobulin genes ?</h3>
Only B cells can make immunoglobulins, which are encoded by the immunoglobulin genes. The two identical heavy chains that make up immunoglobulin molecules are coupled with the two identical light chains, kappa and lambda. There are numerous chromosomal locations where the immunoglobulin genes are found.
- B-cell immunoglobulin gene rearrangement tests are used to help diagnose non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas and evaluate for residual or recurrent disease after treatment. There are many different types of B-cell lymphoma and each has different characteristics, prognoses, and a likely response to therapy
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