Answer: B
Literacy became common only among elites.
Explanation:
Penn
John Quincy Adams was elected
Answer: c) owned by private companies
Answer:
the black codes
Explanation:
The end of the Civil War marked the end of slavery for 4 million black Southerners. the war left them landless and with little money to support themselves. White Southerners, seeking to control the freedmen (former slaves), devised special state law codes. Many Northerners saw these codes as blatant attempts to restore slavery.