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Angelina_Jolie [31]
3 years ago
8

According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix

to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from photons of red or blue light A the hydrolysis of ATP B the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix C electrons flowing along the electron transport chain D substrate-level phosphorylation E Submit
Biology
1 answer:
LUCKY_DIMON [66]3 years ago
3 0

According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from:____________

a) photons of red or blue light

b) the hydrolysis of ATP

c) the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix

d) electrons flowing along the electron transport chain

e) substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer:

d) electrons flowing along the electron transport chain

Explanation:

NADH and FADH2 give electrons to the proteins of the electron transport chain. The part of the energy of electrons is used to pump the electrons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. This creates a proton concentration gradient which in turn drives the process of ATP synthesis.  Here, the process of ATP synthesis is driven by the electrochemical gradient generated during the oxidation of reducing powers. Therefore, the process of called chemiosmotic coupling.

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A cross is made between homozygous wild-type female Drosophila (a^+ a^+ b^+ b^+ c^+ c^+) and triple-mutant males (aa bb cc) (the
marusya05 [52]

Answer:

a is the middle gene.

Distance [b-a]= 24.7 mu

Distance [a-c]= 15.8 mu

Distance [b-a} = 40.5 mu

Explanation:

A homozygous wild-type female drosophila (a⁺b⁺c⁺/a⁺b⁺c⁺) is crossed with a homozygous recessive male (abc/abc). <u>The order of the genes here is arbitrary. </u>

The F1 is heterozygous for the three genes (a⁺b⁺c⁺/abc). The F1 females were test crossed (crossed with abc/abc males).

The F2 shows the following phenotypic ratios:

  • 320 a⁺b⁺c⁺
  • 308 a b c
  • 102 a⁺ b c⁺
  • 112 a b⁺ c
  • 66  a⁺ b⁺ c
  • 59 a b c⁺
  • 18 a⁺ b c
  • 15 a b⁺ c⁺

Total = 1000

The male parent is homozygous recessive for the 3 genes, so the observed phenotypes of the offspring correspond to the gametes received from the mother.

Recombination during meiosis is a rare event, so the most abundant gametes are always the parentals:  a⁺b⁺c⁺ and abc.

The least abundant gametes, following the same logic, are the double crossovers (DCO): a⁺bc and ab⁺c⁺.

<h3><u>1st. Determine the gene order</u></h3>

Compare the parental and the DCO gametes. The allele that is switched corresponds to the middle gene. In this case, gene a is in the middle of the other two.

<h3><u>2nd Determine the single crossover gametes</u></h3>

The F1 mother that generated all 8 types of gametes had the genotype b⁺a⁺c⁺/bac (correct order of genes).

  • The single crossover (SCO) gametes resulting from recombination between genes b and a are b⁺ac and ba⁺c⁺.
  • The single crossover (SCO) gametes resulting from recombination between genes a and c are b⁺a⁺c and bac⁺.
<h3><u>3) Calculate the recombination frequencies between genes </u></h3>

Recombination frequency (RF) = #Recombinants/Total progeny

  • RF [b-a]= (102+112+18+15)/1000= 0.247
  • RF [f-br]= (66+59+18+15)/1000= 0.158
<h3><u /></h3><h3><u>4) Calculate the distance in map units </u></h3>

Distance (mu) = RF x 100

Distance [b-a]= 0.247 × 100 = 24.7 mu

Distance [a-c]= 0.158 × 100 = 15.8 mu

Distance [b-a} = 24.7 mu + 15.8 mu = 40.5 mu

<h3><u>The gene map therefore looks like: </u></h3>

b------------24.7 mu--------------------------a---------15.8 mu-----------c

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_____ phase is the period during the life of a cell between the end of mitosis and the synthesis of more genetic material.
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<span>Ans: G1 phase Explanation: Preparation of a newborn division happens in three steps: G1 phase, G2 phase and S phase. ​ In G1 phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps. mitosis is the process in which the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure made out of microtubules.</span>
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A primary oocyte residing in a primordial follicle becomes a secondary oocyte "in the vesicular follicle".
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A) Homozygous

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