For the answer to the question above, I believe that the answer to your question is that the heart rate will decrease if there's an extreme vagus nerve stimulation <span>The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is the "fight or flight" part of the autonomic nervous system, whereas the parasympathetic is the "feed or breed" part. The sympathetic side acts to speed things up; it increases heart rate, the blood pressure, also the respiratory rate, it dilates pupils, shunts blood away from the GI tract, and so on...
The parasympathetic the opposite in which acts to slow things down; it lowers down the heart rate or decrease blood pressure, it increases salivation, increase blood flow to the GI tract, and so on. The two systems are always balancing each other. The confusing part is that when you INCREASE the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system you DECREASE the activity of the heart; so increased vagal tone will slow the heart rate, decreases the contractility, and lowers blood pressure. When the heart is excitable and has certain types of arrhythmia, increasing the vagal stimulation can slow the heart down enough to allow the normal pacemaker functions to take over again also called as converting.</span>
Answer:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a very high molecular weight mitochondrial multienzyme complex.It includes three types of enzymes that need the participation of five coenzymes to develop their activity, three of them catalytic cofactors (TPP, lipoamide, FAD) and two stoichiometric (NAD and CoA). Two enzymes involved in regulating its activity are also part of the enzyme complex.
Explanation:
PDH is a multienzyme complex formed by multiple copies of three catalytic proteins (E1, E2 and E3) and other structural and regulatory (phosphatase, kinase). It requires, in turn, different coenzymes (thiamine, lipoic acid) for its proper functioning. Given its enormous importance at a key point in energy production, it is highly regulated.
E1 depends on thiamine pyrophosphate and catalyzes 2 stages: 1) decarboxylation of pyruvate, forming a hydroxyethyl-thiamine-diphosphate intermediate; 2) reductive acetylation of the lipoyl group, covalently linked (amide) to E2.
E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group to CoA (3). E3 regenerates the oxidized lipoyl, transferring its electrons first to FAD and then to NAD.
<span>Protoplasm, or cytoplasm as others call it, is essentially all the fluid within the cell. Since a cell is a living organism, nothing is static. It is constantly creating chemicals and nutrients, and excreting waste. We only know that the protoplasm consists mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts. This is a very large and varied mix of materials and chemicals, which again is constantly changing because of cell activities, diseases, and environmental factors. Thus, it is impossible to find the specific chemical composition and nature of protoplasm.</span>
Answer:
I think the answer is B.
I wish you the best of luck! xoxo
Explanation:
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