<u>Answer:</u>
The economic philosophy that Andrew Carnegie is referring to in this quote is capitalism.
<u>Explanation:</u>
It is clear from the terms used and the process described in the quote that the philosophy Andrew Carnegie is referring to is none other than capitalism. It is because Carnegie is speaking about 'competition' which according to him is beneficial in the growth.
The term 'material development' also clarifies that the quote is in the praise of capitalism. Moreover, Andrew Carnegie was himself a capitalist.
I can only answer some of these but
3 - Harriet Beecher
4 - Popular Sovereignty
^ These are confirmed, I'm sure of it
Now, I'll assume on these ones
2 - Bleeding Kansas
1 - Wilmot Proviso
5 - Fugitive Slave Act
I apologize if I'm wrong on these
The courts of General Jurisdiction are found on Tier 2. Answer would be, B.