The main difference was Monotheism. Judaism, unlike other earlier religions from the Middle East, worshiped one god. In ancient times, when Judaism arose, the prevailing religions in the region were Assyro-Babylonian religion and the Canaanite religions, that used to worship many gods and, in some cases, were more consistent in worshiping one particular god above others.
Other concepts totally new in South East Asia that Judaism brought was the idea of being a chosen people by God and the Messianism, this is the concept of a divine message sent to the people of God through messengers or prophets.
Because if their was an even number the votes could be tied.
The answer is B) A series of actions by the Catholic Church intended to spread and defend the Catholic faith.
The counter-reformation was in response to the Protestant reformation, so the first answer is out of the question.
Martin Luthers own actions sparked the Protestant reformation, and as mentioned prior - it was a response to the Protestant reformation (however, during this time they did solidify the power of the pope).
They feared that a central government would become tyrannical
The Articles of Confederation did not create a strong central government. As a result, the federal government could not negotiate foreign treaties without agreement from the states, and contained no provision for federal courts. The national government under the Articles of Confederation was simply too weak as it also lacked taxation powers
The homestead act and the trans continental railroad