"(1) ethnic conflict" was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s. This conflict to some extent is still going on, although it has settled down a bit.
Answer:
The move to Avignon gave more power to the French Kingdom, at the expense of the Italian city-states, and especially, of the Papal States.
Explanation:
Because the Papal states were the Italian territories that were under direct control of the Church, when the Pope moved to Avignon, he annexed the city to the Papal States, so technically it was part of them. However, in practice, the pope was mostly influenced by French nobles, and had little power over the Italian papal states.
This was an opportunity for the Italian nobles of the region, who seized more power and control over the area.
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Answer:
Their food and ability to surrender
The correct answer in this case is that it lead to a new system of bartering controlled by merchants. Merchants during medieval times in Europe played an amazingly important role because they basically could control the flow of trade and how goods could be distributed in certain cities for example.