After Muhammad's death, Muslims needed someone to rule according to their holy book, the Qu'ran. It divided the Muslims because of their disagreement on who they thought would be an ideal leader (caliph). Sunni's believed that any Muslim most capable of ruling should be able to rule, but the Shia believed that a Muslim leader would need to be a descendant from Muhammad and related in some way.
In a joint-stock company investors buy and sell shares and they own a a portion of the company. Hope this helps!
An example of a monarchy is that which presently rules over Britain and is headed up by the Queen Elizabeth II. A monarch's power can vary, and the monarch can fit one of three categories: a crowned republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
Richard Nixon was the first president to visit the soviet union during peacetime
